Francisco Varela
The Digital Dharma Paradox: Can Computation Understand What It Cannot Create?
Here is the paradox at the heart of every computational approach to consciousness: we are using digital tools to study the one phenomenon that digital tools may be constitutionally incapable of producing. We run simulations of neural activity to understand awareness.
Richard Davidson's Laboratory: How One Neuroscientist Built the World's Premier Contemplative Science Center
In 1992, Richard Davidson was already an established affective neuroscientist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, known for his work on emotion and the brain. He had published in top journals.
The Mind and Life Institute: How a Monk, a Scientist, and a Lawyer Created Contemplative Science
In October 1987, in the private audience hall of the Dalai Lama's residence in Dharamsala, India, five scientists sat in a semicircle across from the 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso. Between them, on a low table, sat a small model of a neuron.
Neurophenomenology: Francisco Varela's Radical Proposal to Reunite Science and Experience
There is a paradox at the foundation of every neuroscience laboratory on Earth. Researchers use the most sophisticated imaging technology ever created — fMRI scanners generating 100,000 data points per second, EEG arrays with 256 electrodes sampling brain activity at millisecond resolution, MEG...
Consciousness Science at the Crossroads: From the Hard Problem to the Engineering Era
In 1994, David Chalmers stood before an audience at the first Tucson conference on consciousness and articulated what he called the "hard problem" — why does subjective experience exist at all? Why is there something it is like to see red, feel pain, taste coffee?
Operational Architectonics: The Mathematical Architecture of Consciousness in Electromagnetic Fields
While McFadden and Pockett brought electromagnetic theories of consciousness to the attention of the English-speaking scientific world, two Finnish-Russian neuroscientists — Andrew and Alexander Fingelkurts — were quietly building the most mathematically rigorous framework for understanding how...
Samkhya Philosophy: Consciousness, Matter, and the Architecture of Experience
Samkhya is the oldest of the six classical Indian philosophical systems (darshanas) and the theoretical foundation upon which Yoga, Ayurveda, and much of Indian metaphysics rests. Attributed to the sage Kapila and systematized in Ishvara Krishna's Samkhya Karika (circa 350 CE), Samkhya provides...