Neuroplasticity is Physical Brain Rewiring
Welcome back to the Deep Dive. Today we are, we're really tearing apart this idea of personal
Neuroplasticity is Physical Brain Rewiring
Language: en | Source: Neuroplasticity_is_Physical_Brain_Rewiring.m4a
Welcome back to the Deep Dive. Today we are, we’re really tearing apart this idea of personal
transformation. But we’re not just talking about it metaphorically, we’re going to rebuild it with,
well, with the molecular scaffolding. That’s it, exactly. We’re going straight to the science. The
whole mission for this Deep Dive is to pull out the actual, you know, the structural and molecular
reasons behind personal change. And we’ve got some amazing source material for this. Everything from
cutting-edge MIT research to clinical studies on PTSD, on aging, meditation. And exercise too.
We really want to show you that when we talk about transformation, we mean a literal measurable
rewiring of your brain’s architecture. It’s not just a feeling, it’s physics. Okay, let’s just dive
right in then. The two big concepts on the table are neuroplasticity and neurogenesis. This is the
science that proves the brain can change and heal its entire life. Which is just a massive reversal,
right? Percent.
For centuries, the belief was, well, that your brain was basically fixed once you hit your 20s.
That it was done, couldn’t recover from injury. Yeah, that it was all downhill from there.
Exactly. And that’s maybe the biggest myth that modern biology has busted. Neuroplasticity is,
at its core, the brain’s power to constantly reorganize itself. It forms new connections,
supports learning, memory, new skills. And critically, recovery.
And recovery. And it happens throughout your entire lifespan.
Not just when you’re a kid. It’s a continuous process.
Okay, so when we say reorganization, the sources break that down into two main types, right?
Correct. You have to separate the physical construction from the operational side. So
first, there’s structural neuroplasticity. This is the actual physical renovation of your brain.
We’re talking about brand new connections forming, circuits being reorganized,
even measurable changes in the thickness of your gray matter.
Wait, so if I start learning, I don’t know, a new language, the part of my brain that handles
language will literally get thicker. It literally will. It’s like building a muscle,
but for cognition. You can see these changes on neuroimaging.
That’s wild. Okay, so that’s structural. What’s the second type?
The second is functional neuroplasticity. This is more about the traffic flow. It’s the brain’s
amazing ability to shift a job-like language processing after a small stroke from a damaged
area over to an undamaged one. So if structural is adding a new room to the house, functional is
adding a new space and detours inside the house to get around a blockage.
That’s a perfect analogy. And the tools driving all this change, they’re microscopic. Things like
synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis, which is making new neurons, and this functional reorganization.
But it all starts at the synapse.
That’s a perfect transition. Let’s start right there at the cellular foundation.
This is where we run into that iconic rule of learning, Hebb’s law.
It’s really the mantra for all of this. Neurons that fire together, wire together.
Right.
So simple, but it’s perfect.
Profound. Hebbian plasticity just means that if one neuron, the sender, consistently fires at the
same time as the receiver, that connection between them physically gets stronger or efficient.
I love that. So every single time you practice a guitar chord or you recall a memory,
you are physically cementing that neural pathway. You’re making it stronger.
You’re literally sheasing it together. And that strengthening or weakening
is controlled by two core processes, LTP and LTD.
Long-term potentiation and long-term depression. The
two volume knobs of the brain.
Exactly. LTP, long-term potentiation, strengthens the connection, makes it faster, more reliable.
That’s what you want for memory.
And LTD, long-term depression, does the opposite. It weakens it.
Which, that seems a little counterintuitive, doesn’t it?
If the goal is to learn and improve, why would the brain need a mechanism to actively weaken connections?
That’s a great question because it points to the brain’s absolute need for balance.
Without a way to weaken connections, the brain would just get,
Overloaded with information.
Totally overloaded.
Imagine if every single thing you heard or saw of your computer fan right now was permanently strengthened in your brain.
You’d be overwhelmed.
Right.
Constant runaway excitement.
Precisely.
LTD is the brain’s filter.
It prunes the useless connections.
It clears out the noise.
And it frees up the neural real estate so that you can actually learn new things.
And this whole process is controlled at a molecular level.
Very tightly controlled.
Right.
Both LTP and LTD depend on this little biochemical dance with postsynaptic calcium.
The timing and the amount of that calcium signal is what tells the synapse which way to go get stronger or get weaker.
Okay.
So we need change, but we also need stability.
The brain can’t just be strengthening everything all the time or it would, as you said, just lock up.
How does it prevent that kind of runaway excitation?
This is where you see how sophisticated the brain’s regulatory systems are.
It has these built-in stabilizers like synaptic.
So they’re like negative feedback loops.
They’re exactly that.
They keep the whole network stable, preventing that epileptic-like firing, but also preventing total silence.
They basically maintain the dynamic range you need to be able to keep learning your whole life.
That covers the big picture stability.
But this is where it gets really, really cool.
There’s this research from MIT that shows this process is also managed on a hyper-local competitive level.
Yes.
This is a huge discovery.
It revealed this fundamental rule that learning.
Is well, it’s brutally competitive, competitive, very researchers found that when one synapse gets strengthened, so an LTP event happens, it immediately triggers this protein called arc arc.
And what does arc do?
Arc is the enforcer.
It goes out and actively weakens the neighboring synapses, but only the ones in a tiny, tiny radius, about 50 micrometers.
Wait, get that straight.
So if I work really hard to strengthen one connection, say I’m mastering a new formula for work.
My brain uses the success of that connection to actively degrade the one right next to it.
If it’s not being used at the same time, yes, it’s a localized rivalry.
That is just, that’s incredible.
It’s not a general regulation.
It’s a specific local competition for resources.
It’s the perfect summary.
Strengthening one connection makes more arc and arc weakens the neighbors.
It forces the brain to focus.
You are literally paying for the strength of a new skill by slightly weakening the connections right around it.
Mm-hmm.
Learning isn’t just accumulation.
It’s selection and pruning.
That idea of competition is a great jumping-off point for something even bigger.
For years, the dogma was, you know, you’re born with all the brain cells you’ll ever get.
So for part two, let’s just smash that myth with adult neurogenesis.
It was a true paradigm shift in neuroscience.
I mean, the first hints came from Joseph Altman back in 1965, who saw it in rodents.
But the scientific world was so attached to the old idea, it took decades for them to accept it could happen.
Yeah, when did we finally get the proof, the, you know, the definitive evidence that changed everything?
Not until 1998.
That’s when Erickson and his colleagues published this groundbreaking study that used a special marker, BRDU, to label newly divided cells and found them, clear as day, in the adult human hippocampus.
So it was finally confirmed we are making new brain cells as adults.
Where is this neuron factory?
It’s not just happening everywhere, is it?
No, it’s very specific.
The magic, as you called it, is happening in the dentate gyrus.
That’s a key part of the hippocampus, which is your brain’s memory center.
The memory center.
And the process is organized.
Very.
These precursor cells divide, they mature, and then they become fully functioning integrated neurons.
Okay, let’s talk numbers, because this is the part that always blows my mind.
This isn’t just a handful of cells, is it?
Not at all.
The sources are really clear on this.
In adult humans, we’re talking about approximately 700 new neurons added to the hippocampus per day.
Hold on.
700 every single day in your memory center.
Every day.
Just pausing on that for a second.
That means if I start learning something new and intense today, in just a couple of months,
a real significant chunk of my hippocampus is physically brand new.
That’s the critical link, yes.
That 700 a day adds up to an annual turnover of about 1.75% of the neurons in that part of the brain.
And yeah, the rate slows down a bit as we age, but the factory never really closes.
So what’s the point of these new cells?
What can they do that my old, established neurons can’t?
Their main job is something called pattern separation.
Think about it.
You do similar things in similar places all the time.
You park your car in a huge parking lot on Monday and then again on Tuesday.
They’re almost identical memories.
Right.
And if you use the same old neurons, you could get them mixed up.
This is what they call catastrophic interference, right?
When your memories bleed into each other.
That’s it, exactly.
The new neurons, because they start as a blank slate, prevent that.
They allow you to slot new information into familiar contexts without messing up the old information.
They let you remember where you parked on Tuesday without forgetting where you parked on Monday.
This leads us right to the timeline for change.
These new cells, they don’t just sit there waiting, do they?
No, there’s a really critical window.
It takes about seven weeks for a new neuron to fully mature and integrate.
And during that time, it’s in a state of enhanced plasticity.
It’s extra sensitive to that strengthening mechanism to LTP.
So seven to eight weeks.
That’s the magic window for programming these new cells.
That means any focused effort during that time, learning, practicing, whatever, is especially powerful.
It is the absolute key takeaway for anyone trying to build a new habit or learn a new skill.
That’s your window of optimal plasticity for those new cells.
Yeah, and we should probably mention there was some debate about this, wasn’t there?
About whether it really continued into old age.
There was, yeah.
A big one.
But the current evidence is, well, it’s definitive.
Neurogenesis continues right into the 10th decade of human life.
The factory stays open.
Wow.
And that makes the clinical side even more stark.
In Alzheimer’s patients, neurogenesis is severely impaired.
So having it active at any age is really a sign of a healthy, adaptable brain.
Okay, so we’ve established the brain is this competitive, adaptable neuron-generating machine for life.
Now let’s get really practical.
How can we intentionally direct that change?
Let’s start with mindfulness and meditation.
Right, because this is so often framed as, you know, a soft skill for self-care.
But the science shows it’s a hard hat construction project in your brain.
It’s a physical rewiring.
Absolutely.
Neural imaging shows that practices like mindfulness-based stress reduction and BSR
actively change the brain regions for emotional processing, for attention.
We can literally measure the changes.
So what’s changing?
Are we talking about actual structural changes?
We are.
We’re seeing increased cortical thickness.
That’s the outer layer of the brain.
And that’s the inner layer of the brain and areas for attention and what’s called interoception.
Your ability to sense what’s going on inside your own body?
Exactly.
Specifically, the prefrontal cortex and the right anterior insula.
They’re measurably thicker in long-term meditators.
And the hippocampus, our new neuron factory, it responds pretty quickly, too.
It does.
Just eight weeks of an MBSR program led to increased gray matter density in the left hippocampus.
And there’s that eight-week time frame again.
It just keeps popping up.
It really does.
What about, you know, for people who need something more immediate, can you get quick benefits?
You can, actually.
One study showed just five 30-minute sessions of something called integrative body-mind training
led to significant improvements in self-control, in attention, and emotion.
So even a small commitment starts to pay dividends pretty fast.
It does.
But for the people with a long-term practice, the changes become, well,
permanent alterations to the brain’s landscape.
What do you mean by that?
Well, long-term Vipassana meditators,
showed what’s called higher centrality in the right hippocampus.
Basically, it means their hippocampus became a more critical,
more important hub in the overall brain network.
So it’s not just getting thicker,
it’s actually upgrading its role in the brain’s whole operating system.
That’s a great way to put it.
It’s a network reconfiguration.
Mindfulness helps improve the efficiency of three key networks.
Your executive control, your default mode or mind-wandering network,
and the salience network,
which decides what’s important enough to perform.
You are literally changing your brain’s default setting from distraction to presence.
And this ability doesn’t just fade away as you get older.
Not at all.
It’s robust.
A study on older adults found that eight weeks of training led to structural growth in a prefrontal network.
And these physical changes were directly linked to them having more neutral,
less reactive responses to emotional images.
The training helped them regulate their emotions.
OK, so from stillness to movement, because if meditation is the focused mental input,
exercise might be the single most powerful biological jet fuel we have for plasticity.
That is a scientific certainty.
Physical exercise is hands down the most effective non-drug intervention there is for boosting brain health.
It’s the one input the brain seems hardwired to use for growth.
So for anyone listening, if they want to optimize their brain with just movement,
what’s the prescription?
What’s the optimal dose?
The research is surprisingly specific.
For boosting BDNF and neurogenesis,
it’s moderate intensity,
aerobic,
exercise.
So 60 to 70 percent of your max heart rate.
For how long?
30 to 40 minutes, about three to four times a week.
That specific recipe seems to give the best neurobiological bang for your buck.
This is where we have to talk about BDNF.
It gets called miracle grow for the brain all the time.
But let’s explain the actual mechanism.
How does moving your legs create this stuff in your head?
It’s this beautiful conversation between the body and the brain.
When you do that kind of exercise,
your liver starts producing a ketone body called beta-hydroxybutyrate.
That’s the messenger molecule.
OK, so the liver sends this message through the blood across the blood brain barrier.
What’s the message?
The message is basically release the brakes on growth.
The beta-hydroxybutyrate molecule goes into the brain and it acts as an inhibitor.
It blocks these specific molecular breaks called histone diacetylases, HDACs for short.
And what are HDACs normally doing?
Think of them as clamps on your DNA.
They keep certain genes turned off, including the gene that makes BDNF.
So.
The molecule from your liver literally unclamps the gene for brain growth.
That is exactly what happens.
The exercise derived molecule removes
the clamp and that allows the BDNFY gene to be expressed, to be turned on.
Suddenly you’re flooded with brain derived neurotrophic factor.
And that leads directly to more plasticity, more connections, more growth.
That’s incredible.
It proves that movement isn’t just an add on for brain health.
It’s the central command.
It is. And while aerobic is king for BDNF, we have to mention other kinds
of movement, too, like lifting weights, resistance training.
Yes, that also has a huge impact just through a different pathway.
It elevates muscle derived factors like
IGF-1, which also cross the blood brain barrier and support brain health.
It shows you really need both cardio and strength.
And the clinical applications here are just massive, especially for recovery.
Oh, for sure. Take stroke survivors.
Studies show that even single sessions
of aerobic exercise lead to a big spike in their BDNF levels.
It’s hard science showing that movement
can be a core part of any neural rehabilitation program.
The brain is literally designed to use movement to repair itself.
OK, so we’ve established that the brain is built to change.
But that ability, it’s a double edged sword, isn’t it?
Plasticity is how we learn.
But that’s also how we form these rigid, really harmful patterns.
Let’s talk about maladaptive plasticity.
This is such a crucial piece of the puzzle.
The brain’s number one job is survival.
And in a moment of extreme stress,
it will rewire itself incredibly fast.
But that rewiring, while it might be good for surviving,
that one moment can be really damaging long term.
Trauma is a perfect example.
What are the actual structural changes we
see in a brain that’s been through trauma and developed PTSD?
The whole system gets thrown out of balance.
The amygdala, which is the brain’s alarm system, becomes hyperactive.
That leads to this constant state of high alert of reactivity.
And at the same time, the prefrontal cortex,
the rational thinking part that’s supposed to regulate that alarm,
becomes impaired. It goes offline.
So the alarm is stuck on full blast and the brakes don’t work.
Exactly. And structurally, that looks like increased amygdala reactivity,
a smaller hippocampus, because stress hormones actually kill off those new neurons.
And critically, when a person is re-experiencing the trauma,
the prefrontal cortex just fails to activate.
It doesn’t engage.
Which explains that feeling of being completely overwhelmed by the memory.
It’s devastating. But the sources we looked at have a very
strong message of hope here. The brain is designed to heal.
It is. That capacity for plasticity is still there.
We see that interventions, both environmental and pharmacological,
can reverse those effects.
PTSD patients have shown measurable increases in their hippocampal
volume after treatment with certain medications.
Which proves the system can adapt back towards health
if you give it the right input.
And that’s where therapies come in.
Absolutely.
Therapies like EMDR or mindfulness are specifically
designed to leverage plasticity to rewire
those trauma pathways.
EMDR helps change how the memory is stored so it doesn’t trigger that massive
emotional response. Mindfulness builds new, stronger pathways from the thinking
prefrontal cortex down to the reactive amygdala.
You’re building a new, healthy road around the old, damaged one.
Now, let’s shift to addiction, which might be the most powerful example
of this kind of overlearning gone wrong.
Addiction is really the poster child for maladaptive plasticity in the reward system.
What happens is that
the intense reward from a drug creates these incredibly strong,
learned associations with anything in the environment that predicts the drug.
A place, a person, a feeling.
Exactly. And because of Hebb’s law,
every time that pathway gets activated, it gets stronger and more automatic
until the cues alone are enough to trigger this massive reflexive drive for the drug.
It’s a dopamine hijacking.
And the key difference from natural rewards is that the dopamine hit from
a drug doesn’t really diminish with repetition, does it?
It doesn’t. And that’s the insidious part.
It creates this
optimized feedback loop that leads to this intense overlearning of the drug’s
value at the expense of everything else. And we can see this at the receptor level.
Cocaine, for instance, changes the ratio
of certain receptors, making the pathway hypersensitive.
So the pathway is just primed to fire.
It’s primed to fire.
And at the same time, the drug reduces the brain’s natural
braking system, the GABA system. So the accelerator is floored.
The brake lines are cut.
And that drug pathway becomes the most efficient superhighway in the brain.
So recovery then has to be about actively building competing highways.
It has to be an active, intentional rewiring project.
That’s what something like cognitive behavioral therapy does.
By consistently practicing new coping skills, rehearsing different behaviors,
you are physically strengthening alternative neural pathways.
You’re building a new infrastructure.
Let’s touch on one last really dramatic example of this phantom limb pain.
Yes, this is such a powerful demonstration of how real this cortical reorganization is.
The pain that people feel in a missing limb is directly correlated with a massive
maladaptive reorganization of the sensory map in their brain.
So the brain’s map is confused and that
confusion is experienced as real physical pain.
That’s the core of it.
The brain is getting signals it can’t make sense of.
And the mechanisms involve a loss of that inhibitory GABA break, LTP-like changes.
Yeah. The system gets stuck in a pain loop.
Which is why the treatments are often about giving the brain new information.
Exactly.
Things like mirror therapy,
where you visually trick the brain into seeing the missing limb moving normally.
You’re using plasticity to correct the faulty map that earlier plasticity created.
The big takeaway here is that practice,
whether it’s healing or harmful, really matters.
OK, let’s look at the external factors that can turbocharge all this.
The environment.
Yes, the concept of the enriched environment or EE.
And we don’t just mean a nice room.
Neurologically, it’s a specific combination
of stimulation that provides complexity and novelty.
And the sources lay out five key ingredients for a true EE.
They do. You need all five for the full effect.
First is cognitive stimulation.
Always be learning.
Second, physical activity.
Third, social interaction.
Fourth, sensory stimulation.
And finally, and this is key, novelty.
The environment has to keep changing so you don’t just get used to it.
And it’s the combination of all five that really creates the magic.
It’s the synergy. We know that exercise alone is good.
And social interaction alone is good.
But when you put all five together, the effects are just exponentially greater.
So what are the actual changes?
What’s the physiological payoff?
It’s a complete remodeling, increased brain way, better neuronal signaling,
more supporting cells, huge boosts in synaptic plasticity,
more BDNF and way more adult hippocampal neurogenesis.
It’s a total system upgrade.
And this isn’t just for young brains.
No, this is one of the most hopeful parts of the research.
And EE has powerful
effects across the entire lifespan.
Even old rats, when moved to an enriched
environment, show a significant jump in the number of new neurons they produce.
The capacity to respond is always there.
So the environment matters always.
Let’s dig into aging a bit more because
that fear that plasticity just disappears is still so common.
Well, it’s true that the brain matures in
our mid-twenties and does start to shrink a bit after 60.
But plasticity is the brain’s tool for coping with that.
It’s the brain that is the most vulnerable.
It’s the brain that stays adaptive.
What are the most vulnerable spots,
the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex, the memory and executive control centers.
And as they decline, the behaviors they support,
like spatial memory and complex planning also tend to decline.
That sounds a bit grim, but you’re saying the capacity to learn is still there.
Oh, absolutely.
The evidence is overwhelming.
Old dogs can absolutely learn new tricks.
They just need a complex, challenging, enriched context to do it.
There’s a study done by the University of Chicago
with GABA that shows the older brain is kind of ready to learn if you challenge it.
Yes, it’s almost counterintuitive.
When older adults are engaged in a complex learning task,
we often see a decrease in GABA in that brain region.
A decrease in the main inhibitory neurotransmitter.
So the brain is letting go of its own brakes.
That’s exactly it.
It’s a release from inhibition, which makes it easier for LTP for learning to happen.
It’s like the older brain is saying, OK, this is important.
It’s going to change.
And this lifelong ability to learn and adapt is what builds something called cognitive reserve.
Which is maybe the single most important concept for healthy aging.
It’s the brain’s buffer.
Its ability to cope with damage or the early stages of disease.
It’s what allows some people to remain sharp, even with underlying pathology.
And you build that reserve through what?
Through lifelong engagement, higher education, complex jobs and active social life.
Always learning new things.
Nutrition has durable benefits that can literally delay the onset of cognitive decline.
We have to mention diet here, too.
You can’t build new brain structures out of junk.
You really can’t. Nutrition is foundational.
And the difference is stark.
A high fat diet actively hurts your hippocampus.
It inhibits LTP.
It literally makes it harder for you to learn.
And on the flip side.
Things like intermittent fasting seem to have a positive effect.
It boosts neurogenesis and DDNF.
It seems that changing the metabolic state
signals the brain to become more efficient, more plastic.
OK, so we started this by saying transformation is literal.
In this last part, let’s really bridge the hard science,
BDNF, LTP, that seven week cycle with some of the more ancient concepts of transformation.
Beautiful integration, really.
Take the ancient symbol of the serpent shedding its skin.
Neuroplasticity is the biological mechanism for shedding your skin.
So when someone goes through an intense
meditation retreat or a ceremony to work through trauma, what’s actually happening
in their brain? They’re providing the exact multifaceted
input needed to physically rewire those trauma circuits.
Those 700 new neurons a day in the hippocampus.
They provide the blank slate, the literal capacity for new memories
and new patterns to be written over the old ones.
And the idea of pattern breaking fits
perfectly with Hebb’s law and that competitive arc protein.
Perfectly. If you keep repeating a negative pattern,
that neural highway gets stronger and stronger.
Intensive practices work by
intentionally firing a new pattern over and over so it can actively compete with
and weaken the old one. And that’s why the eight weeks of consistency is so important.
You have to build the new road long enough for the old one to fall into disrepair.
Which means the power of retreats and ceremonies starts to make perfect
scientific sense through the lens of the enriched environment.
It’s a textbook example.
A ceremony is intentionally multisensory.
It’s cognitive, it’s social, it’s emotional.
It often involves movement.
That combination of complexity and novelty
is the perfect recipe to drive massive, accelerated neuroplastic change.
It’s about moving from those rigid, maladaptive patterns back to health.
It is trauma, addiction, chronic pain.
They’re all examples of the brain’s plasticity going in a negative direction.
Healing isn’t about fixing a broken brain.
It’s about intentionally directing its
natural, lifelong ability to change toward healthier, more adaptive pathways.
The ultimate message here from all the research is just so hopeful.
Neuroplasticity is lifelong.
The brain is wired to heal.
And every single intentional thing you do, every time you meditate or exercise or
challenge a negative thought, you are literally acting as the architect
of your own brain. The change is physical, it’s measurable, and it’s in your control.
So let’s boil this down into some key clinical messages for everyone listening.
First, the timeline.
How long does this take?
OK, so you can feel brief effects on things like attention really quickly.
After maybe five 30 minute sessions.
For significant structural changes like gray matter thickening,
you need to commit to about eight weeks of consistent practice.
And the new neuron integration cycle is about seven weeks.
Exactly.
So that seven to eight week window is
really the sweet spot for building a new habit that sticks.
And what about the dose?
Is it just go hard or go home?
No, actually.
For BDNF, we saw that moderate intensity is often best.
Consistency is so much more important than raw intensity.
And remember the EE principle, variety and novelty will always boost the effects.
OK.
Last question.
What are the practical daily takeaways?
Combined modalities.
The brain loves complexity.
So combine your movement with learning, with social time, with mindfulness.
Don’t just do one thing.
And timing matters.
For learning, yes.
Morning exercise is fantastic.
It boosts BDNF for the rest of the day,
basically priming your brain for whatever you want to learn.
Then repair?
Sleep.
You cannot skip sleep.
It’s not optional.
It is absolutely
essential for consolidating all the new connections you work so hard to build
during the day.
Plus, you need the right fuel.
Omega-3s, antioxidants.
You need the right building materials for the new architecture.
That’s the foundation.
It makes sure the new structures are strong and efficient.
So what this all means for you listening
is that the physical structure of your brain is not fixed.
It is a dynamic, growing ecosystem that you can intentionally direct.
Your mind is not hardware.
It’s software that’s being rewritten by your actions every single day.
That’s the whole story.
And if we look at something like addiction or chronic pain as a form of intense,
maladaptive overlearning, well, it poses a pretty direct question for you, doesn’t it?
Which is, what new, complex, intentional overlearning behavior,
one that combines movement and learning and mindfulness, are you going to cultivate
over the next eight weeks to consciously direct your brain toward a more adaptive,
healthier state? Focus your intention, embrace the complexity, and start building.
That is a challenging and incredibly
hopeful thought to end on. Thank you for diving deep with us.
We’ll see you next time.